womiin City Index · Edition 2026

Where we live shapes who we become.

We measure, with the same ruler everywhere on the planet, how each capital serves the wellbeing of the people who live there — and of those who visit. It measures conditions and access, not declared wellbeing.

To live × to visit

Each dot is a capital; select one to see it up close. The dashed lines mark the median of each axis.

↑ womiin Score · to visit (CURTA)

median 65median 46

Paris

womiin Score · to live (LONGA) →

One city, up close

Paris (France)

To live

#1 · 90% interval: 1–1

To visit

#3 · 90% interval: 2–4

Data completeness: High

Among the capitals

6546

→ to live · ↑ to visit · lines: medians

Open the page of Paris

To live

Education92

Transport84

Health90

Services92

Environment71

Food & drink97

Culture98

Safety81

To visit

Culture & attractions80

Food84

Mobility69

Convenience86

Nature & beach69

Entertainment58

Safety86

Family87

Parismedian of the capitals, dimension by dimension (not the shape of any city)

capitals, one per UN member state with an urban centre: 171; capitals, one per UN member state with an urban centre
location assessments on a common grid: 146,652; location assessments on a common grid
dimensions, the same weights for every city: 8; dimensions, the same weights for every city
open data, an immutable and citable edition: CC BY 4.0; open data, an immutable and citable edition

The index

The capitals, for those who live there

How firm is the order?

Scores this close are statistically tied: when two cities are only a few points apart, the data cannot say with confidence which one comes first, so we show them together in a tie group.

Δ* = 0.8 points: the largest score gap between two cities whose order is not sustained at 95 % — a maximum over pairs, so a single pair can move it. 47 tie groups; 104 pairs of neighbouring groups are not resolved.

A tie group starts at a city and includes the next ones within Δ* of it. It is a presentation convention; the statement is the state of each pair of cities.

Read the methodology

PositionCityScoreWithin the city (P10–P90)Strongest dimensionData completeness

Tie group 1

11–1
Paris · France
88
80 – 95
Culture
Data completeness: High

Tie group 2

22–3
Brussels · Belgium
87
79 – 92
Food & drink
Data completeness: High
32–3
Vienna · Austria
87
78 – 93
Culture
Data completeness: High

Tie group 3

44–5
Madrid · Spain
86
78 – 91
Culture
Data completeness: High
54–6
Warsaw · PolandOrder not resolved with Lisbon
85
78 – 91
Food & drink
Data completeness: High
64–7
Berlin · GermanyOrder not resolved with Lisbon
85
78 – 92
Culture
Data completeness: High

Tie group 4

76–7
Lisbon · PortugalOrder not resolved with Berlin, Warsaw
85
78 – 92
Education
Data completeness: High

Tie group 5

88–9
Bern · Switzerland
84
76 – 91
Culture
Data completeness: High
98–10
London · United Kingdom
84
77 – 90
Culture
Data completeness: Medium
109–10
Luxembourg · Luxembourg
83
79 – 87
Culture
Data completeness: High

Tie group 6

1111–12
Bratislava · Slovakia
82
75 – 89
Culture
Data completeness: High
1211–13
Budapest · Hungary
82
72 – 91
Culture
Data completeness: High
1312–16
Amsterdam · NetherlandsOrder not resolved with Zagreb, Oslo, Bucharest, Singapore
82
69 – 92
Culture
Data completeness: High

Tie group 7

1413–18
Zagreb · CroatiaOrder not resolved with Amsterdam
81
74 – 86
Culture
Data completeness: High
1513–18
Oslo · NorwayOrder not resolved with Amsterdam
81
75 – 90
Education
Data completeness: High
1613–18
Bucharest · RomaniaOrder not resolved with Amsterdam
81
74 – 86
Culture
Data completeness: High
1713–18
Singapore · SingaporeOrder not resolved with Amsterdam
81
77 – 85
Culture
Data completeness: Medium
1816–21
Dublin · IrelandOrder not resolved with Prague, Tallinn, Helsinki, Tbilisi
81
73 – 89
Culture
Data completeness: High
1916–21
Ottawa · CanadaOrder not resolved with Prague, Tallinn, Helsinki, Tbilisi
81
74 – 87
Culture
Data completeness: High

Tie group 8

2019–23
Prague · CzechiaOrder not resolved with Ottawa, Dublin
80
74 – 86
Culture
Data completeness: High
2119–24
Tallinn · EstoniaOrder not resolved with Ottawa, Dublin
80
72 – 86
Culture
Data completeness: High
2219–24
Tbilisi · GeorgiaOrder not resolved with Ottawa, Dublin
80
72 – 86
Education
Data completeness: High
2319–24
Helsinki · FinlandOrder not resolved with Ottawa, Dublin
80
71 – 91
Culture
Data completeness: High
2422–27
Sofia · BulgariaOrder not resolved with Copenhagen, Athens, Ljubljana
79
69 – 88
Culture
Data completeness: High

Tie group 9

2524–28
Athens · GreeceOrder not resolved with Sofia
79
70 – 86
Culture
Data completeness: Medium
2624–28
Ljubljana · SloveniaOrder not resolved with Sofia
79
73 – 83
Culture
Data completeness: High
2724–29
Copenhagen · DenmarkOrder not resolved with Sofia
79
69 – 87
Culture
Data completeness: High
2825–30
Rome · ItalyOrder not resolved with Wellington, Stockholm
79
66 – 87
Culture
Data completeness: High
2926–31
Seoul · South KoreaOrder not resolved with Wellington, Stockholm
79
70 – 84
Culture
Data completeness: Low

Tie group 10

3028–31
Wellington · New ZealandOrder not resolved with Rome, Seoul
78
68 – 86
Culture
Data completeness: High
3128–31
Stockholm · SwedenOrder not resolved with Rome, Seoul
78
67 – 88
Culture
Data completeness: High

Tie group 11

3232–34
Canberra · Australia
77
71 – 81
Culture
Data completeness: High
3332–34
Riga · Latvia
77
69 – 84
Culture
Data completeness: High
3433–35
Tirana · AlbaniaOrder not resolved with Chișinău, Belgrade
77
67 – 84
Culture
Data completeness: Medium

Tie group 12

3534–38
Belgrade · SerbiaOrder not resolved with Tirana
76
63 – 87
Culture
Data completeness: High
3634–39
Chișinău · MoldovaOrder not resolved with Tirana
76
69 – 80
Culture
Data completeness: High
3735–40
Kyiv · UkraineOrder not resolved with Lima
76
69 – 84
Culture
Data completeness: High
3836–39
Nicosia · CyprusOrder not resolved with Lima
76
70 – 83
Culture
Data completeness: High
3936–41
Minsk · BelarusOrder not resolved with San José, Lima
76
70 – 82
Culture
Data completeness: High

Tie group 13

4038–42
Lima · PeruOrder not resolved with Minsk, Nicosia, Kyiv
75
62 – 84
Education
Data completeness: Low
4139–43
San José · Costa RicaOrder not resolved with Minsk, Havana
75
65 – 83
Culture
Data completeness: Low
4240–44
Tokyo · JapanOrder not resolved with Santiago, Havana, Vilnius
75
67 – 82
Food & drink
Data completeness: Medium

Tie group 14

4342–48
Havana · CubaOrder not resolved with San José, Tokyo
75
69 – 82
Culture
Data completeness: High
4442–49
Vilnius · LithuaniaOrder not resolved with Tokyo, Kathmandu
74
68 – 80
Food & drink
Data completeness: High
4542–49
Santiago · ChileOrder not resolved with Tokyo
74
65 – 83
Culture
Data completeness: Low
4643–48
Valletta · Malta
74
67 – 79
Culture
Data completeness: Medium
4743–50
Moscow · RussiaOrder not resolved with Kathmandu
74
69 – 79
Culture
Data completeness: High
4844–50
Washington · United StatesOrder not resolved with Kathmandu
74
64 – 85
Culture
Data completeness: High
4943–51
Malé · MaldivesOrder not resolved with Kathmandu
74
74 – 76
Food & drink
Data completeness: Medium
5046–51
Reykjavik · IcelandOrder not resolved with Kathmandu
74
67 – 83
Culture
Data completeness: High

Tie group 15

5147–52
Kathmandu · NepalOrder not resolved with Reykjavik, Vilnius, Malé, Moscow, Washington
74
61 – 81
Culture
Data completeness: Medium
5251–55
Manila · PhilippinesOrder not resolved with Buenos Aires, Bogota
73
58 – 85
Culture
Data completeness: Medium
5352–55
Sarajevo · Bosnia & HerzegovinaOrder not resolved with Buenos Aires, Bogota
73
63 – 81
Culture
Data completeness: High

Tie group 16

5452–55
Bogota · ColombiaOrder not resolved with Sarajevo, Manila
73
65 – 79
Culture
Data completeness: Low
5553–56
Buenos Aires · ArgentinaOrder not resolved with Sarajevo, Manila
73
58 – 86
Culture
Data completeness: Low
5655–56
Jerusalem · Israel
72
60 – 82
Culture
Data completeness: Medium

Tie group 17

5757–62
Abu Dhabi · United Arab Emirates
71
63 – 78
Food & drink
Data completeness: Medium
5857–62
Podgorica · Montenegro
71
60 – 78
Food & drink
Data completeness: High
5957–63
Algiers · Algeria
71
57 – 82
Culture
Data completeness: Medium
6058–63
Skopje · North Macedonia
71
56 – 82
Culture
Data completeness: Medium
6157–64
Quito · EcuadorOrder not resolved with Baku
71
61 – 79
Food & drink
Data completeness: Low
6257–64
Bishkek · KyrgyzstanOrder not resolved with Baku
71
59 – 79
Culture
Data completeness: Medium
6358–65
Yerevan · ArmeniaOrder not resolved with Baku, Managua
70
58 – 82
Culture
Data completeness: High

Tie group 18

6462–66
Baku · AzerbaijanOrder not resolved with Yerevan, Quito, Bishkek
70
55 – 83
Culture
Data completeness: Low
6563–67
Managua · NicaraguaOrder not resolved with Yerevan
70
57 – 78
Culture
Data completeness: Low
6664–67
Caracas · Venezuela
70
49 – 84
Environment
Data completeness: Low
6765–68
Montevideo · UruguayOrder not resolved with Brasilia
69
57 – 78
Culture
Data completeness: Low

Tie group 19

6867–70
Brasilia · BrazilOrder not resolved with Montevideo
69
59 – 76
Environment
Data completeness: Medium
6968–71
Port Louis · Mauritius
68
58 – 76
Culture
Data completeness: Low
7068–72
Tehran · Iran
68
55 – 78
Culture
Data completeness: Low
7169–72
Hanoi · Vietnam
68
43 – 83
Education
Data completeness: Low
7270–72
Ashgabat · Turkmenistan
68
55 – 74
Culture
Data completeness: Medium

Tie group 20

7372–75
Nairobi · Kenya
67
54 – 78
Education
Data completeness: Medium
7473–76
Bridgetown · Barbados
67
57 – 75
Culture
Data completeness: Medium
7574–80
Ankara · TürkiyeOrder not resolved with Manama, Astana, Vientiane, Beirut, Mexico City, Kuala Lumpur
67
53 – 76
Culture
Data completeness: Medium

Tie group 21

7675–80
Vientiane · LaosOrder not resolved with Ankara
66
54 – 77
Food & drink
Data completeness: Medium
7775–82
Mexico City · MexicoOrder not resolved with Ankara
66
50 – 81
Culture
Data completeness: Low
7875–82
Astana · KazakhstanOrder not resolved with Ankara
66
50 – 75
Culture
Data completeness: High
7975–82
Kuala Lumpur · MalaysiaOrder not resolved with Ankara
66
53 – 77
Culture
Data completeness: Medium
8075–83
Beirut · LebanonOrder not resolved with Dakar, Ankara
66
56 – 74
Culture
Data completeness: Medium
8176–84
Manama · BahrainOrder not resolved with Dakar, Ankara
66
53 – 74
Food & drink
Data completeness: Low
8278–84
Dili · Timor-LesteOrder not resolved with Dakar
66
57 – 73
Education
Data completeness: Medium
8379–85
La Paz · BoliviaOrder not resolved with Kingston, Rabat, Dakar
66
45 – 80
Culture
Data completeness: Low

Tie group 22

8481–86
Dakar · SenegalOrder not resolved with Manama, La Paz, Beirut, Dili
65
55 – 78
Environment
Data completeness: Low
8584–86
Kingston · JamaicaOrder not resolved with La Paz
65
51 – 74
Culture
Data completeness: Medium
8684–87
Rabat · MoroccoOrder not resolved with La Paz, Tegucigalpa
65
55 – 76
Culture
Data completeness: Medium

Tie group 23

8786–89
Tegucigalpa · HondurasOrder not resolved with Rabat
64
51 – 74
Culture
Data completeness: Low
8887–89
Georgetown · Guyana
64
52 – 73
Food & drink
Data completeness: Medium
8987–90
Tunis · Tunisia
64
47 – 76
Culture
Data completeness: Low

Tie group 24

9090–93
Nassau · Bahamas
63
51 – 73
Environment
Data completeness: Medium
9190–97
Ulaanbaatar · MongoliaOrder not resolved with Phnom Penh
63
45 – 80
Culture
Data completeness: Medium
9290–98
Dushanbe · TajikistanOrder not resolved with Phnom Penh
63
45 – 71
Culture
Data completeness: Low
9391–96
Port of Spain · Trinidad & TobagoOrder not resolved with Phnom Penh
63
54 – 71
Environment
Data completeness: Low
9491–97
Windhoek · NamibiaOrder not resolved with Phnom Penh
63
55 – 70
Environment
Data completeness: Medium
9591–98
Apia · SamoaOrder not resolved with Phnom Penh
63
46 – 72
Culture
Data completeness: Medium
9691–98
Santo Domingo · Dominican RepublicOrder not resolved with Phnom Penh
63
44 – 77
Environment
Data completeness: Low
9791–98
San Salvador · El SalvadorOrder not resolved with Bandar Seri Begawan, Phnom Penh
63
46 – 76
Environment
Data completeness: Low

Tie group 25

9894–100
Phnom Penh · CambodiaOrder not resolved with Santo Domingo, Ulaanbaatar, Windhoek, San Salvador, Dushanbe, Port of Spain, Apia
62
43 – 77
Culture
Data completeness: Medium
9997–101
Bandar Seri Begawan · BruneiOrder not resolved with San Salvador
62
54 – 73
Culture
Data completeness: High
10098–102
Addis Ababa · Ethiopia
62
41 – 76
Culture
Data completeness: Low
10199–102
Bamako · Mali
61
45 – 72
Environment
Data completeness: Low
10299–102
Beijing · China
61
41 – 77
Culture
Data completeness: Low

Tie group 26

103103–108
Yaoundé · Cameroon
60
44 – 77
Environment
Data completeness: Medium
104103–108
Baghdad · Iraq
60
42 – 73
Culture
Data completeness: Low
105103–108
Nuku'alofa · Tonga
60
51 – 65
Environment
Data completeness: Medium
106103–109
Port Vila · Vanuatu
60
44 – 69
Environment
Data completeness: High
107103–109
Asuncion · Paraguay
60
49 – 71
Culture
Data completeness: Medium
108104–109
Panama City · Panama
60
38 – 76
Environment
Data completeness: Low
109105–110
Guatemala City · GuatemalaOrder not resolved with Djibouti
60
45 – 72
Environment
Data completeness: Low

Tie group 27

110109–113
Djibouti · DjiboutiOrder not resolved with Guatemala City
59
49 – 70
Environment
Data completeness: Medium
111110–114
Asmara · EritreaOrder not resolved with Antananarivo
59
45 – 72
Environment
Data completeness: Low
112110–114
Port Moresby · Papua New GuineaOrder not resolved with Antananarivo
59
53 – 68
Environment
Data completeness: Low
113110–115
Yamoussoukro · Côte d’IvoireOrder not resolved with Antananarivo
59
45 – 70
Environment
Data completeness: Medium
114112–116
Muscat · OmanOrder not resolved with Antananarivo
58
53 – 63
Food & drink
Data completeness: Low
115111–117
Sana'a · YemenOrder not resolved with Brazzaville, Antananarivo
58
45 – 67
Environment
Data completeness: Low

Tie group 28

116112–117
Antananarivo · MadagascarOrder not resolved with Yamoussoukro, Asmara, Muscat, Port Moresby, Sana'a
58
35 – 77
Environment
Data completeness: Low
117115–122
Brazzaville · Congo - BrazzavilleOrder not resolved with Libreville, Port-au-Prince, New Delhi, Niamey, Damascus, Bangkok, Kampala, Sana'a, Cape Town
58
33 – 69
Culture
Data completeness: Low

Tie group 29

118117–123
New Delhi · IndiaOrder not resolved with Brazzaville
57
34 – 77
Culture
Data completeness: Low
119117–124
Bangkok · ThailandOrder not resolved with Brazzaville, Kuwait City
57
37 – 74
Culture
Data completeness: Low
120117–125
Kampala · UgandaOrder not resolved with Brazzaville, Kuwait City
57
41 – 73
Environment
Data completeness: Medium
121117–125
Cape Town · South AfricaOrder not resolved with Brazzaville, Kuwait City
57
48 – 69
Environment
Data completeness: Low
122118–126
Damascus · SyriaOrder not resolved with Brazzaville, Kuwait City
57
36 – 74
Culture
Data completeness: Low
123118–126
Libreville · GabonOrder not resolved with Brazzaville, Kuwait City
57
40 – 72
Environment
Data completeness: Medium
124119–126
Niamey · NigerOrder not resolved with Brazzaville, Accra, Kuwait City
57
38 – 73
Environment
Data completeness: Low
125119–127
Port-au-Prince · HaitiOrder not resolved with Brazzaville, Accra, Kuwait City
57
41 – 70
Environment
Data completeness: Low

Tie group 30

126122–127
Kuwait City · KuwaitOrder not resolved with Libreville, Port-au-Prince, Niamey, Damascus, Bangkok, Kampala, Cape Town
57
41 – 69
Culture
Data completeness: Low
127125–128
Accra · GhanaOrder not resolved with Port-au-Prince, Nouakchott, Niamey
56
32 – 74
Environment
Data completeness: Low
128126–129
Kinshasa · Congo - KinshasaOrder not resolved with Nouakchott
56
40 – 69
Culture
Data completeness: Low

Tie group 31

129128–131
Nouakchott · MauritaniaOrder not resolved with Kinshasa, Accra
55
44 – 65
Environment
Data completeness: Low
130129–131
Dodoma · Tanzania
55
41 – 67
Environment
Data completeness: Medium
131129–133
Doha · QatarOrder not resolved with Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte, Paramaribo, Tashkent
55
32 – 74
Culture
Data completeness: Low

Tie group 32

132131–134
Paramaribo · SurinameOrder not resolved with Doha
55
44 – 64
Culture
Data completeness: Medium
133131–134
Tashkent · UzbekistanOrder not resolved with Doha
54
35 – 72
Environment
Data completeness: High
134132–135
Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte · Sri LankaOrder not resolved with Jakarta, Doha, Lomé
54
35 – 74
Environment
Data completeness: Medium

Tie group 33

135134–137
Jakarta · IndonesiaOrder not resolved with Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte
54
30 – 73
Environment
Data completeness: Low
136134–137
Lomé · TogoOrder not resolved with Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte
54
32 – 74
Environment
Data completeness: Low
137136–139
Freetown · Sierra LeoneOrder not resolved with Islamabad, Kigali
53
37 – 71
Environment
Data completeness: Low

Tie group 34

138137–140
Kigali · RwandaOrder not resolved with Freetown
53
31 – 69
Environment
Data completeness: Low
139137–140
Islamabad · PakistanOrder not resolved with Freetown
53
37 – 67
Environment
Data completeness: Low
140138–141
Moroni · Comoros
52
44 – 58
Environment
Data completeness: Medium

Tie group 35

141141–147
Amman · Jordan
52
33 – 70
Environment
Data completeness: Low
142141–147
Tripoli · Libya
52
37 – 64
Environment
Data completeness: Medium
143141–147
Ouagadougou · Burkina Faso
51
34 – 73
Culture
Data completeness: Low
144141–147
Gaborone · Botswana
51
32 – 69
Environment
Data completeness: Medium
145141–147
Suva · Fiji
51
39 – 69
Environment
Data completeness: Medium
146141–148
São Tomé · São Tomé & Príncipe
51
39 – 59
Environment
Data completeness: Low
147142–148
Lusaka · Zambia
51
33 – 66
Environment
Data completeness: Low
148146–148
Maseru · Lesotho
51
37 – 65
Environment
Data completeness: Medium

Tie group 36

149149–149
Cairo · Egypt
50
24 – 71
Environment
Data completeness: Low

Tie group 37

150150–150
Riyadh · Saudi Arabia
49
29 – 64
Environment
Data completeness: Low

Tie group 38

151151–153
Pyongyang · North Korea
48
35 – 59
Culture
Data completeness: Low
152151–153
Nay Pyi Taw · Myanmar (Burma)
47
38 – 55
Environment
Data completeness: Medium
153152–155
Dhaka · BangladeshOrder not resolved with Conakry, N'Djamena
47
14 – 81
Environment
Data completeness: Low

Tie group 39

154153–156
Conakry · GuineaOrder not resolved with Dhaka
47
26 – 61
Environment
Data completeness: Low
155153–156
N'Djamena · ChadOrder not resolved with Dhaka
46
31 – 65
Environment
Data completeness: Low
156154–156
Porto-Novo · Benin
46
33 – 55
Environment
Data completeness: Low

Tie group 40

157157–158
Juba · South Sudan
46
31 – 61
Environment
Data completeness: Medium
158156–158
Kabul · Afghanistan
46
30 – 62
Environment
Data completeness: Low

Tie group 41

159159–160
Malabo · Equatorial Guinea
43
34 – 52
Environment
Data completeness: Low
160159–161
Harare · ZimbabweOrder not resolved with Luanda
43
31 – 57
Environment
Data completeness: Low
161160–163
Khartoum · SudanOrder not resolved with Luanda, Honiara
43
23 – 59
Environment
Data completeness: Low

Tie group 42

162160–163
Luanda · AngolaOrder not resolved with Khartoum, Harare
42
21 – 64
Environment
Data completeness: Low
163162–163
Honiara · Solomon IslandsOrder not resolved with Khartoum
42
34 – 48
Environment
Data completeness: Medium

Tie group 43

164164–164
Maputo · Mozambique
41
24 – 60
Environment
Data completeness: Low

Tie group 44

165165–167
Lilongwe · Malawi
39
29 – 53
Environment
Data completeness: Medium
166165–167
Abuja · Nigeria
39
23 – 52
Environment
Data completeness: Medium
167166–167
Mogadishu · Somalia
38
23 – 50
Environment
Data completeness: Low

Tie group 45

168168–168
Bissau · Guinea-Bissau
37
25 – 52
Environment
Data completeness: Low

Tie group 46

169169–169
Monrovia · Liberia
33
24 – 48
Environment
Data completeness: Low

Tie group 47

170170–171
Gitega · Burundi
29
24 – 35
Environment
Data completeness: Low
171170–171
Bangui · Central African Republic
29
21 – 38
Environment
Data completeness: Low

Ordered by tie group and, within each group, by position. The dashed line marks the median of the capitals (65).

How we measure

The same ruler, everywhere

Points on a common grid

Each city is its GHSL urban centre, divided into zones of about 1 km². Each zone is assessed at fixed points of a grid — never where there are listings.

The same eight dimensions

A city's value is the per-resident mean of its zones, with the canonical womiin Score weights. The spread across zones and the by-area reading are kept too.

Open, immutable editions

Each edition is frozen, with its version, sources and hash. The city data are open (CC BY 4.0) for anyone who wants to check or reuse them.

Methodology Download the edition data (JSON)

How to cite

womiin (2026). womiin City Index, edition 2026. womiin.com/city-index. CC BY 4.0.

Data, licences and sources

womiin City Index — city-level dataset by womiin, licensed under CC BY 4.0. Built on the sources listed in provenance.sources, each under its own licence. CC BY 4.0

Contains information from OpenStreetMap (© OpenStreetMap contributors), which is made available here under the Open Database License (ODbL): https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright

Zone files (one per city): ODbL 1.0, with their own checksums.

The licensing framework of this data is under legal review (ACAG/WashU SatPM2.5 V6.GL.03, Global Solar Atlas 2.0, WRI Aqueduct Floods, OpenStreetMap, OurAirports).

The womiin City Index is informational. It is not advice.

Edition f1-2026-10-pub2 · frozen 2026-10-25 · content sha256 d7486fc985e940765ed9b71263bd3e927ca111d6bf33a2ca09cb0a6a3c70d5c4

Download:edition (JSON)checksums (SHA256SUMS)zone licence and checksums (ODbL)

The 14 sources of this edition

ACAG/WashU SatPM2.5 V6.GL.03 — annual PM2.5, 0.1°, 2024 · V6.GL.03, 2024CC BY 4.0 · legal review pending
CAMS global reanalysis EAC4 (cams-global-reanalysis-eac4), 2024, 3-hourly · EAC4, 2024CC BY 4.0
CAMS European air quality reanalysis (interim), ensemble, 2024, hourly, 0.1° · interim ensemble reanalysis, 2024CC BY 4.0
Global Solar Atlas 2.0 — GHI (World Bank, Solargis) · Global Solar Atlas 2.0CC BY 4.0 · legal review pending
WRI Aqueduct Floods — riverine (WATCH 1980, RP25) and coastal (historical, RP25)CC BY 4.0 · legal review pending
ERA5-Land hourly (C3S), 2015–2024 · reanalysis-era5-land, reference period 2015-01-01 to 2024-12-31CC BY 4.0
ERA5 single levels — FDIR, 0.25° (C3S) · reanalysis-era5-single-levels, total_sky_direct_solar_radiation_at_surface, 2015-01 to 2024-12CC BY 4.0
M-Lab NDT (ndt7_union), 2025-Q4 · ndt7_union, 2025-Q4CC0 1.0
OpenStreetMap (private Overpass mirror; water polygons; base versions recorded in the manifest as osm_base_version_*) · planet date per edition (manifest osm_base_version_*)ODbL 1.0 · legal review pending
GHSL Urban Centre Database R2024A (GHS-UCDB) · R2024A V1-2CC BY 4.0
GHS-POP and GHS-BUILT-S E2025 R2023A, 3 arc-seconds · E2025 R2023A, 3 arc-secondsCC BY 4.0
Natural Earth (10m lakes; 10m populated places; 50m land / admin-0 where the climate grid and the F1 list use them) · 10m lakes 5.0.0; 10m populated places 5.1.2Public domain
Wikidata (UN members; airport patronage P3872)CC0 1.0
OurAirports (airports.csv)Public domain · legal review pending

Attributions

PM2.5 outside Europe: Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group, Washington University in St. Louis (SatPM2.5 V6.GL.03).
Contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information 2024 (CAMS global reanalysis EAC4). Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains.
Contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information 2024 (CAMS European air quality reanalyses). Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains.
Flood hazard: World Resources Institute, Aqueduct Floods.
Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information [2015–2024]. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains.
Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains.
The M-Lab NDT Data Set, 2025-10-01–2025-12-31. https://measurementlab.net/tests/ndt
Contains information from OpenStreetMap (© OpenStreetMap contributors), which is made available here under the Open Database License (ODbL).
© European Union, 1995–2025. Source: European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Global Human Settlement Layer (GHS-UCDB R2024A).
© European Union, 1995–2025. Source: European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Global Human Settlement Layer (GHS-POP R2023A, GHS-BUILT-S R2023A).